Aspirin 15cH has Different Effects on Morphology and Function of Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages In Vitro Compared to a Pharmacological Dose of Aspirin.

INTRODUCTION: Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drugs worldwide. It is known to present antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic actions, making it extremely useful in a wide range of clinical contexts. Interestingly, homeopathically prepared Aspirin 15cH has been found to have a pro-thrombotic effect in rats, raising the hypothesis that Aspirin 15cH could also modulate the activity of inflammatory cells in different pathological processes. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess what effect Aspirin 15cH has on RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro. METHODS: The effects of Aspirin 15cH on biochemical and morphological activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were evaluated. These effects were compared with unchallenged macrophages (negative control), untreated LPS-stimulated macrophages, macrophages treated with succussed water (vehicle control), or aspirin 200 µg/mL (pharmacological inhibitor of LPS activity). Cell morphology (adhered cell area and cytoskeleton arrangements), cell viability, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression, and the production of nitric oxide, cytokines and intracellular reactive oxygen species were assessed. RESULTS: Aspirin 15cH reduced the number of cells expressing TLR-4 on the surface (p = 0.03) and induced a "columnar" morphology of macrophage pseudopods, indicating changes in cytoskeleton arrangement. When cells were treated with both Aspirin 15cH and LPS, cell morphology became heterogeneous, suggesting that sub-populations of cells had differing sensitivities to LPS or Aspirin 15cH. Exposure of the cells to LPS alone, succussed water or aspirin 200 µg/mL produced effects consistent with the literature. CONCLUSION: Aspirin 15cH, aspirin 200 µg/mL, LPS and succussed water appear to act as independent stimuli able to induce different patterns of macrophage response. Aspirin 15cH induced changes suggestive of M2 polarization of the macrophages (i.e., toward a wound healing or tissue repair, rather than inflammatory, phenotype). These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in further specific studies.

Doença policística felina tratada com homeopatia: relato de caso / Feline polycystic disease treated withhomeopathy: case report

Foi avaliado o tratamento homeopático de um felino com doença renal policística, moléstia hereditária muito comum na espécie felina. Por ser progressiva, o prognóstico depende do estágio de evolução da doença renal crônica, da resposta do felino ao tratamento inicial e do desejo do tutor em dar continuidade ao tratamento. A observação teve duração de 9 (nove) meses e a avaliação dos resultados foi realizada com o emprego de exame clínico e de exames complementares como imagens ultrassonográficas e exames laboratoriais. A terapia foi composta por medicamento homeopático constitucional Phosphorus 30CH e episódico Kresolum 6CH associado à introdução de dieta renal (ração seca adjuvante). O medicamento homeopático não provocou eventos adversos no animal. Os resultados sugerem que um animal com doença policística felina pode ser tratado pela homeopatia.(AU)

The homeopathic treatment of a feline with polycystic kidney disease was evaluated, a common hereditary disease in the feline species. Because it is progressive, the prognosis depends on the stage of evolution of the chronic kidney disease, the feline response to the initial treatment and the guardian's desire to continue the treatment. The observation lasted 9 (nine) months and the evaluation of the results was performed through clinical examination and complementary tests such as ultrasound images and laboratory tests. The therapy was composed of constitutional Phosphorus 30CH and episodic Kresolum 6CH homeopathic medication associated with the introduction of diet kidney diet (adjunct dry feed). The homeopathic medicine did not cause adverse events in the animal. The results suggest that an animal with feline polycystic disease can be treated by homeopathy.(AU)

Macrophage activity regulation by high dilution of aspirin and its possible mechanism

Under LPS-stimulus, platelets can activate macrophagesby a cell-to-cell contact or through cytokine degranulation. Rebound effects of anti-thrombotic agents, such as prostanoids and COX inhibitors can lead to thrombosis, infarct, and stroke. Aspirin has been prescribed for decades due to its powerful antiplatelet action, but it is also related to paradoxical effects such as withdrawal syndrome peaks, resistance, and thrombogenesis. Ultra-diluted aspirin can also produce the same effect in one hour, regardless of Cox-2, by still unknown pathways. Antithrombotic effects of aspirin are also reversed by its high dilutions.Aims: This study aims to characterize the effects of aspirin 15cH on macrophages challenged with LPS, a Cox-2 activator.Methodology: RAW 264.7 macrophages were sown in 24 wells plates using R10medium, boosted with 1µg/ml LPS,and treated with aspirin 15 cH and controls. The activity was evaluated after 24 hours. Supernatants were evaluated for cytokines, nitric oxide, and dielectric oscillations, through solvatochromic dyes (Cartwright's method).Results and discussion: macrophage spreading was increased by aspirin 15 cH, anLPS-like effect. Paradoxically, a significant reduction of this effect was noted when both, LPS and aspirin 15 cH, were added. Succussed water reversed the effect of LPS, leading to TNF (p<0.05) production close to baseline levels. Also, the single treatment with succussed water inhibited IL-10 production (p<0.05), but aspirin 200 µg/mL (positive control) highly increased it (p<0.0001), showing the validity of the model. Nitric oxide production was strengthened by LPS presence (p<0.0001), as expected, but partially downregulated after treatment with aspirin 200 µg/mL, water and succussed water. A pilot study with solvatochromic dyes showed no significant difference among treatments.Conclusion: The main data suggest that aspirin 15 cH increases macrophage activity but presents a paradoxal effect when mixed with LPS. On the other hand, succussed water itself has modulatory effects on macrophages.

Lycopodium as a treatment for Urate Deposition (gout) in birds: case report

A 3-year-old male cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) was diagnosed with joint arthritis due to hyperucemiasyndrome. The bird presented deposition of urate crystals on the synovial membrane with inflammation of joints and tendons (tufts), causing listlessness, anorexia and lameness, with difficulty in keeping perched or moving. Laboratory tests displayed an increase in uric acid and creatinine phosphokinase levels, and leukocytosis despite lymphopenia. Unsucessfully, the animal had been treated with allopathic medicine for 2 months, without a favorable response and still developing stressful reaction to handling.Methodology:High dilution therapy was attempted with 2 globules of Lycopodiumclavatum30 cH /bid and Arnica montana30 cH /bid /oral. The most expressive tufts were removed with daily cleaning of the affected area; a new diet was established and perches were removed, allowing the bird to remain on a flat surface until regression of symptoms. The medication was continued for 30 days. On the second appointment, although the caregiver reported episodes of probable pain, there was an improvement in behavior with normal appetite. Lyc30cH /sid was continued and Arn30cH /bid to qid, depending on pain episodes, for over 30 days. The tutor authorized the case report through a consent form. Results and discussion:Follow-up laboratory tests were performed everythree months for one year, reaching normal levels for uric acid (3.5-11 mg/dL) and CK (30-245mg/dL) on the third measurement. The bird presented no formation of new tufts along the second month of treatment. After 12 months, the animal ingests homeopathic globules spontaneously and presents stable clinical presentation (Lyc30cH / sid / 3 times a week) with no recurrence and without side effects nor stressful behavior. Conclusion: In view of these results, it is considered that homeopathic treatment is an option to be considered in the treatment of joint arthritis from hyperuricemia syndrome in birds.

Exposure of Artemia salinato glyphosate and bioremediation by isotherapy

Artemia salina, an ecotoxicity bioindicator, isa microcrustacean belonging to the order Anostraca. Glyphosate is an herbicide widely used to control weeds. However, its intoxication can cause serious damage to human health and the balance of the environment, given its effects as an endocrine disruptor.Objective:verify the possible protection of the artemia exposed to glyphosate by the addition of its isotherapic into water, by means of the evaluation of the behavioral and morphological features of nauplii and of the physical properties of remedies andtreated water, to elucidate the involved mechanisms. Methods:Artemia salinacysts were kept in culture bottles containing artificial seawatercontaining glyphosate at LC 10 (lethal concentration 10%), to promote hatching within 48 hours. The isotherapic preparations were inserted in each bottle in a 10% of the total water volume. Part of the nauplii was distributed in transparent tubes, being 10 nauplii per tube and 6 tubes per group, for behavioral analysis, and part were collected for a detailed morphological analysis, under an optical microscope. About 80 to 270 nauplii were analyzed per group. The reserved water was divided into aliquots for physicochemical analysis, that is, evaluation of the water dipole behavior by Cartwright ́s method.Results:Gly 6cH presented selective effects on nauplii hatching (p=0.02) and on defected/healthy ratio (p=0.001), representing some protective action. This result was dependent of the salinity of water and presented correspondence with the effects on solvatochromic dyes, indicating that charges and ions can be critical factors involved in the mechanism of action. We concluded that the use of isotherapics could be a plausible tool to reduce the environmental impact of the indiscriminate use of glyphosate, since these results can be reproduced in further studies.

Veterinary Biotypology: a review and new possibilities

The truths surrounding medical practices are seasonally challenged by innovative concepts that can aggregate changing procedures in many degrees. The Galtonian eugenics issues supported the pure-breed idea in dictatorial governments, and introduced mesological studies, turning possible to join genetic concepts to the physiology and psychology of the human organism. Following human medicine, more therapeutic models need to forthcoming in domestic animals. The companionship necessity and the highly responsive behavior have addressed the domestication of dogs and their relationship to owners, to an endpoint that both share the same pathologies. Thus, traditional human concepts of biotypology could be extended to companion animals. Grauvogl (1811-1877) proposeda simple biochemical correlation between physiological states and the miasmas of sick individuals (oxygenoid -syphilis, hydrogenoid -sycosis, carbo-nitrogenoid -psora). Antoine Nebel (1870-1954) correlated biochemical status with the musculoskeletal system and behavior as well. Leon Vannier (1880-1963) model, whose morphophysiological distortions and behavioral inconsistencies were explained by the carbon element and variations in its bonds with phosphorus or fluor radicals was another attempt to categorize and predefine physiology states. Following the advent of structural and functional identification of thyroid hormone in the 1940s, Henri Bernard described the neuro-morphofunctional plasticity of individuals guided by their predominant embryonic leaflet and consequent hormonal diseases. Methods:This work is a narrative review with the purpose of describing and discussingthe legacy ofbiotypology studies and their applicability in dog therapy, and proposinga new homeopathic approach in veterinary medicine based on the miasmas, also contributing to the scarcelyavailable literature. Results:Based on cellular exchanges and consequent metabolic rate, animals can be classified into psoric (no evidence of clinical signs, stable behavior, and adequate exonerative cellular processes); sycotic (cellular dysfunction with alterations in oxidative phosphorylation processes allowing accumulation of cellular toxins such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; clinically culminating in chronic inflammations in noble organs, and purulent discharges; unstable and polarized behavior) and syphilitic (whose cellular alterations have reached the molecular level, reducing protein expression and determining cellular toxicity and loss of function; indifferentbehavior). Generalities such as temperature influence, weight, thirst and feedingshall also be considered. Discussion and Conclusion: Thismodel could benefit stray animals, newly adopted or even from shelters, whose actual behavior is unknown, and the search for the Simillimum may be impaired.

Cantharis dissolves calculus in the ureter of a kitten: case repor

Urolithiasis is a disease thatcan occur alone or together, obstruct the urinary flow, and even progress to the animal's death. Objective:The present study is to report the dissolution of calculus in the ureter in a kitten. Methodology: a feline, SRD, male, started at 3 months old with the signs of vomiting, constipation,and hematuria, presenting leukocytosis and increased serum urea. Two abdominal ultrasounds were performed 30 days apart and the third at 3 months. Results:Inthe first ultrasound there was hydronephrosis in the right kidney and dilation of the ureter and microlithiasis in the urinary bladder. The animalhad already been treated with antibiotic therapy and did not improve. Given these characteristics, Cantharis Vesicatoria30cH was administered, there was no more hematuria and when the drug was discontinued, the symptom returned. After 30 days of startinghomeopathic treatment, we repeated the ultrasound which showed 2 kidney stones, and a urinary bladder with cystitis associated with sandy lithiasis. BerberisVulgaris30cH was then administered for 15 days, after which both drugs were discontinued and theanimal remained asymptomatic. After 3 months the ultrasound was repeated which showed 2 kidney stones, Causticum6cH was inserted for 14 days to dissolvekidney stones, thus preventing the return of the initial symptoms. Conclusion:the treatment was beneficial for the patient, who was asymptomatic after the use of Causticum.Considering the natural history of the disease in cats and the high chance of recurrence of the disease, the recommendation was to monitor the organs through an annual ultrasound examination, in addition to encouraging water intake.

Mercury chloride toxicity attenuation of the Brine Shrimp Artemia Salinaafter treatment with Mercurius corrosivusas isotherapic

Isotherapics preparedfromtoxic substances have been described as attenuation factors for heavy metal intoxicationin aquatic animals. Herein, Artemia salinaand mercury chloride were usedas a model to identify treatment-related bioresilience. The aim was to describe the effects of Mercurius corrosivus(MC) in different potencies on Artemia salinacyst hatching and on mercury bioavailability. Artemia salinacysts were exposed to 5.0 µg/mL of mercury chloride during the hatching phase. MC6cH, 30cH, and 200cHwere prepared and poured into artificial seawater. Different controls were used (nonchallenged cysts and challenged cysts treated with water, succussed water, and Ethilicum 1cH). Four series of nine experiments were performed for4 weeks to evaluate the percentage of cyst hatchingconsidering all moon phases. Soluble total mercury (THg) levels and precipitated mercury content were also evaluated. Solvatochromic dyes were used to check for eventual physicochemical markers of MCbiological activity. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with mixed modelswas used for evaluating the effect of different treatments andthe simultaneous influence of the moon phases on the cystshatching rate, at both observation times (24 and 48 hours).When necessary, outliers were removed, using the Tukeycriterion.Thelevel of significance αwas set at 5%. Significant delay (p<0.0001) in cyst hatching was observed after treatment with MC30cH, compared with the controls. An increase inTHg concentration in seawater (p<0.0018) and of chlorine/oxygen ratio (p<0.0001) in suspended micro-aggregateswas also seen, with possiblerelation with mercury bioavailability. Specific interaction of MC30cH with the solvatochromic dye ET33 (p<0.0017) was found. The other observed potencies of Mercurius corrosivus6 and 200 cH were not significant in relation to the observed groups.The results werepostulated as being protective effects of MC30cH on Artemia salina, by improving its bioresilience.

Bioresilience to Mercury Chloride of the Brine Shrimp Artemia Salina after Treatment with Homeopathic Mercurius Corrosivus.

INTRODUCTION: Finding solutions to mitigate the impact of pollution on living systems is a matter of great interest. Homeopathic preparations of toxic substances have been described in the literature as attenuation factors for intoxication. Herein, an experimental study using Artemia salina and mercury chloride was developed as a model to identify aspects related to bioresilience. AIMS: The aim of the study was to describe the effects of homeopathic Mercurius corrosivus (MC) on Artemia salina cysts hatching and on mercury bioavailability. METHODS: Artemia salina cysts were exposed to 5.0 µg/mL of mercury chloride during the hatching phase. MC potencies (6cH, 30cH, and 200cH) were prepared in sterile purified water and poured into artificial sea water. Different controls were used (non-challenged cysts and challenged cysts treated with water, succussed water, and Ethilicum 1cH). Four series of nine experiments were performed to evaluate the percentage of cyst hatching. Soluble total mercury (THg) levels and precipitated mercury content were also evaluated. Solvatochromic dyes were used to check for eventual physicochemical markers of MC biological activity. RESULTS: Significant delay (p < 0.0001) in cyst hatching was observed only after treatment with MC 30cH, compared with controls. This result was associated with an increase of THg concentration in water (p = 0.0018) and of chlorine/oxygen ratio (p < 0.0001) in suspended micraggregates, suggesting changes in mercury bioavailability. A specific interaction of MC 30cH with the solvatochromic dye ET33 (p = 0.0017) was found. CONCLUSION: Changes in hatching rate and possible changes in Hg bioavailability are postulated as protective effects of MC 30cH on Artemia salina, by improving its natural bioresilience processes.

Uso da homeopatia no tratamento de doenças hepáticas e vesiculares em cães e gatos

As doenças hepatobiliares possuem um importante papel na rotina clínica médico veterinária e sendo o fígado um órgão vital, é imprescindível que seus males sejam identificados rapidamente. Estima-se que o fígado realize em torno de 1.500 funções bioquímicas essenciais à vida. A associação ciência e psicossomática nunca esteve tão em evidência e recebe cada vez mais simpatizantes insatisfeitos com a alopatia clássica. Portanto este trabalho de monografia sugere a homeopatia como terapia das doenças hepatobiliares de cães e gatos, mencionando os medicamentos homeopáticos que podem ser utilizados para tal, evidenciando não apenas os sintomas físicos que estes abrangem, mas também os sintomas mentais. (AU)

Hepatobiliary diseases play an important role in clinical routine veterinary doctor and the liver being a vital organ, it is essential that their ailments are identified quickly. It is estimated that the liver carry around 1,500 biochemical functions essential for life. Science and psychosomatic association has never been such in evidence and receives more and more supporters dissatisfied with the classic allopath. Therefore this thesis work aims to suggest homeopathy as therapy of hepatobiliary diseases of dogs and cats, citing homeopathic medicines that can be used for this, showing not only the physical symptoms they cover, but also the mental symptoms. (AU)